Risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome among women of reproductive age in Egypt: A case control study

Asmaa Abobakr Ibrahim, Heba Saber Mohammed, Noha M abu Bakr Elsaid, Almaza A. Salim, Ebtehal G. Fathy, Neveen Mohammed Hasaneen

Abstract

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, associated with an increased risk of multiple diseases, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Purpose: identify risk factors for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in reproductive-aged Egyptian women attending an outpatient gynecological clinic at a specialized hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Port Said City, Egypt. The study population included 248 women; 124 women suffered from PCOS and 124 Non-PCOS. Methods: - Case-control study was conducted among women. PCOS women were diagnosed clinically by transvaginal ultrasound and laboratory investigations. Data were collected using; I) a structured interview questionnaire, including socio-demographic status, medical and family history, menstrual and obstetrical history and lifestyle habits, and clinical examination; II) anthropometric parameters; III) perceived stress scale. The mean age of cases was 26.18±0.45 years. The most common risk factors for PCOS were urban residence, high education, working, insufficient income, history of anemia, hypertension, cancer, and family history of PCOS and infertility, increasing body mass index, fast food, and drinking of coffee. The study concluded that the significant risk factors for polycystic ovarian disease in Egypt women included socio-demographic characteristics, medical and family history, increasing body mass index, and lifestyle habits. This study recommended that Polycystic Ovary Syndrome women follow a healthy diet and exercise regularly.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Bakris G, Blonde L, Andrew M, Boulton J, D’Alessio D and de Groot MJDc. American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes 2016 cardiovascular disease and risk management. 2016;39(Suppl 1):S60-S71.

Shinde KS and Patil SSJIJoR. Contraception, Obstetrics, Gynecology. Incidence and risk factors of polycystic ovary syndrome among women in reproductive age group attending a tertiary health care hospital in Western Maharashtra. 2019;8(7):2804-10.

Rosenfield RLJCoip. Current concepts of polycystic ovary syndrome pathogenesis. 2020;32(5):698.

Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A and Pundir CSJJoHRS. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. 2020;13(4):261.

Sanad ASJTEJoF, Sterility. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among fertile and infertile women in Minia Governorate, Egypt. 2014;20(37):20.

Lujan ME, Chizen DR, Pierson RAJJoo and Canada G. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: pitfalls and controversies. 2008;30(8):671-9.

Bachelot A. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: clinical and biological diagnosis. Annales de biologie clinique; 2016.

Gupta M, Singh D, Toppo M, Priya A, Sethia S and Gupta PJIJCMPH. A cross sectional study of polycystic ovarian syndrome among young women in Bhopal, Central India. 2018;5(1):95-100.

Skiba MA, Islam RM, Bell RJ and Davis SRJHru. Understanding variation in prevalence estimates of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;24(6):694-709.

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(1):19–25.

Andreou E, Alexopoulos EC, Lionis C, Varvogli L, Gnardellis C, Chrousos GP and Darviri C. Perceived stress scale: reliability and validity study in Greece. 2011;8(8):3287-98

IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; Released 2017.

Box JF. Guinness, Gosset, Fisher, and small samples. Statistical science. 1987:45-52.

Pearson KX. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1900;50(302):157-75.

Yates F. Contingency tables involving small numbers and the χ 2 test. Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1934;1(2):217-35.

Curran-Everett D. Evolution in statistics: P values, statistical significance, kayaks, and walking trees. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD; 2020. p. 221-4.

Shan B, Cai J-h, Yang S-Y and Li Z-RJAPjotm. Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People. 2015;8(7):590-3.

Tian X, Ruan X, Wang J, Liu S, Yin D and Lu YJJCUMS. Analysis of risk factors for 437 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome. 2014;35(4):414-8.

.Bates GW and Legro RSJM. Endocrinology c. Longterm management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 2013;373(1-2):91-7.

Patten RK, Boyle RA, Moholdt T, Kiel I, Hopkins WG, Harrison CL and Stepto NK. Exercise interventions in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020:606.

Barrea L, Verde L, Vetrani C, Savastano S, Colao A and Muscogiuri GJN. Chronotype: a tool to screen eating habits in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? 2022;14(5):955.

Panjeshahin A, Salehi-Abargouei A, Anari AG, Mohammadi M and Hosseinzadeh M. Association between empirically derived dietary patterns and polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study. Nutrition. 2020 Nov 1;79:110987.

Rubin KH, Andersen MS, Abrahamsen B and Glintborg DJAOeGS. Socioeconomic status in Danish women with polycysticovary syndrome: A register‐based cohort study. 2019;98(4):440-5

Rasul ST and Abdulsahib SH. Analysis of Health Risk Factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences. 2022 Dec 23;12(2):76-86.25.

Afzal HS, Jafri SR, Muneeb A, Zaheer A, Ahmad E and Batool B. Association of anemia with serum sex hormone binding globulin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2020 Dec 16;70(6):1870-73.

Tehrani FR, Simbar M, Tohidi M, Hosseinpanah F and Azizi F. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample of Iranian population: Iranian PCOS prevalence study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2011;9, article 39 doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-39.

Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R and Amritanshu R. Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2011;24(4):223–227. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.03.002.

Harlow SD and Matanoski GM. The association between weight, physical activity and stress and variation in the length of the menstrual cycle. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:38–49

Rubin KH, Andersen MS, Abrahamsen B and Glintborg DJAOeGS. Socioeconomic status in Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A register‐based cohort study. 2019;98(4):440-50

Merkin SS, Azziz R, Seeman T, Calderon-Margalit R, Daviglus M and Kiefe C. Socioeconomic status and

polycystic ovary syndrome. 2011;20(3):413- 9

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.