Perception and Practice of Female Genital Cutting in a Rural Community in Southern Nigeria
), Rose D. Okon(2),
(1) Nairawebs Design
(2)
Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the awareness and practice of FGC in a rural community in southern Nigeria. A cross sectional study was carried out among Ayadehe women in Itu, LGA Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Information obtained was analysed using SPSS version 17. A total of 218 respondents participated in the study. Majority, 215 (98.6%) were aware of the practice of FGC. Type 2 FGC was the commonest type reported by 71.2% of respondents. Prevalence of FGC was 92.7%. A total of 69.8% were circumcised at 6-12 years. Health complications experienced included excruciating pains, (36.6%), severe bleeding, (15.8%), and painful urination, (26.7%). Up to 53.5% were circumcised by traditional birth attendants. The belief that FGM should be discontinued increased with educational level. The practice of FGC was high in this community. Increased female education, community involvement and legislation are needed to reduce this practice (Afr J Reprod Health 2012; 16[4]: 132-139).
RésuméCette étude a été réalisée afin de déterminer la prise de conscience et la pratique de l'excision dans une communauté rurale au sud du Nigéria. Une étude transversale a été réalisée auprès des femmes d’Ayadehe, dans l’Administration locale d’Itu dans l’état d’Akwa Ibom, au Nigéria à l'aide d'un questionnaire semi-structuré administré par l’intervieweur. Les informations recueillies ont été analysées en utilisant la version SPSS 17. Au total, 218 interviewés ont participé à l'étude. La majorité, 215 (98,6%) étaient au courant de la pratique de l'excision. L’excision de Type 2 était le type le plus fréquent qui a été signalé par 71,2% des interviewés. La prévalence de l'excision est de 92,7%. Au total, 69,8% étaient circoncis à l’âge de 6-12 ans. Les complications de santé éprouvées comprennent des douleurs atroces, (36,6%), les hémorragies graves, (15,8%), et une miction douloureuse, (26,7%). Jusqu'à 53,5% étaient excisées par des accoucheuses traditionnelles. La croyance que la MGF doit être arrêtée s’accroît avec le niveau d'éducation. La pratique de l'excision a été élevée dans cette communauté. Pour réduire cette pratique, il faut une accélération dans l’éducation de la femme, la participation de la communauté et la législation (Afr J Reprod Health 2012; 16[4]: 132-139).
Keywords: Perception, practice, female education, female genital cutting, traditional birth attendants
References
World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation, Report of a WHO Technical working group,
Geneva.1995:17-19.
James PG. Memorandum guidelines for UNICEF action on eliminating female genital mutilation; 1994. 3. Njelsani E. Elimination of female genital mutilation. WHO Newsletter, 1997; 12 (1):8.
National Demographic and Health Survey: Female genital cutting in Nigeria, 2008:299-307.
Abubakar I, Iliyasu Z, Kabir M, Uzoho C, Abdulkadir M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of female genital cutting among antenatal patients in Aminu Kanu teaching hospital, Kano. Niger J Med, 2004;
(3):254-8.
Asekun-Olarinmoye EO, Amusan OA. The impact of health education on attitudes towards female genital mutilation (FGM) in a rural Nigerian community. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive
Health Care 2008; 13 (3):289-297.
Onuh SO, Igberase GO, Umeora JO, Okogbenin SA, Otoide VO, Gharoro EP. Female genital mutilation: knowledge, attitude and practice among nurses. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006; 98(3): 409–414.
Okonofua FE, Larsen U, Oronsaye F, Snow RC, Slanger TE. The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynaecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria. BJOG. 2002; 109(10):1089-96. 9. Mandara MU. Female genital mutilation in Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 291-8
Ugboma HA. Prevalence of female genital mutilation and medicalization. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2004;
(3):250-53.
Okonofua FE. Being victims or beneficiaries? Perspective on female genital cutting and reinfibulation in Sudan. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006; 10
(2):24-36.
Akpabio US. A study of the practice of female genital cutting in Akwa Ibom. A project submitted to IAC (Nigeria) 1992.
Ebong RD. Female circumcision and its health implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Health,
; 117:95-99.
Okonofua FE. Historical Perspective of FGM. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2007; 11(1):33-41.
Etim GB. A study on effects of circumcision on females in selected villages of Ayadehe clan, 1990:29-30
(unpublished).
National Population Commission. Census Report, 2006.
Dare FO, Oboro VO, Fadiora SO, Orji EO, Sule-Odu AO. Debate to female genital mutilation: an analysis of 522 cases in South-Western Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 24: 281-3
Female genital mutilation – a human rights information pack. Amnesty International Report; 2004.
Mohammed A T , Mohsen A G, Mahmoud N A, Mostafa A, Esmat M, Mona S. Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls. Bull World Health Organ, 2008; 86(4):269-274.
Okonofua FE. Genital mutilation as an expression of power structures. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006; 10 (2):14-17.
Behrendt A, Moritz S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 ;162(5):1000-2
Morison L, Scherf C, Ekpo G, Paine K, West B, Coleman R, Walraven G. The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2001; 6 (8):643-53.
Elgaali M, Strevens H, Mardh PA. Female genital mutilation an exported medical hazard. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2005; 10: 93-7.
Zara Spencer. The criminalisation of female genital mutilation in Queensland. Electronic Journal of Law,
;9 (3)
World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation, Report of a WHO Technical working group,
Geneva.1995:17-19.
James PG. Memorandum guidelines for UNICEF action on eliminating female genital mutilation; 1994. 3. Njelsani E. Elimination of female genital mutilation. WHO Newsletter, 1997; 12 (1):8.
National Demographic and Health Survey: Female genital cutting in Nigeria, 2008:299-307.
Abubakar I, Iliyasu Z, Kabir M, Uzoho C, Abdulkadir M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of female genital cutting among antenatal patients in Aminu Kanu teaching hospital, Kano. Niger J Med, 2004;
(3):254-8.
Asekun-Olarinmoye EO, Amusan OA. The impact of health education on attitudes towards female genital mutilation (FGM) in a rural Nigerian community. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive
Health Care 2008; 13 (3):289-297.
Onuh SO, Igberase GO, Umeora JO, Okogbenin SA, Otoide VO, Gharoro EP. Female genital mutilation: knowledge, attitude and practice among nurses. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006; 98(3): 409–414.
Okonofua FE, Larsen U, Oronsaye F, Snow RC, Slanger TE. The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynaecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria. BJOG. 2002; 109(10):1089-96. 9. Mandara MU. Female genital mutilation in Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 291-8
Ugboma HA. Prevalence of female genital mutilation and medicalization. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2004;
(3):250-53.
Okonofua FE. Being victims or beneficiaries? Perspective on female genital cutting and reinfibulation in Sudan. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006; 10
(2):24-36.
Akpabio US. A study of the practice of female genital cutting in Akwa Ibom. A project submitted to IAC (Nigeria) 1992.
Ebong RD. Female circumcision and its health implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Health,
; 117:95-99.
Okonofua FE. Historical Perspective of FGM. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2007; 11(1):33-41.
Etim GB. A study on effects of circumcision on females in selected villages of Ayadehe clan, 1990:29-30
(unpublished).
National Population Commission. Census Report, 2006.
Dare FO, Oboro VO, Fadiora SO, Orji EO, Sule-Odu AO. Debate to female genital mutilation: an analysis of 522 cases in South-Western Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 24: 281-3
Female genital mutilation – a human rights information pack. Amnesty International Report; 2004.
Mohammed A T , Mohsen A G, Mahmoud N A, Mostafa A, Esmat M, Mona S. Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls. Bull World Health Organ, 2008; 86(4):269-274.
Okonofua FE. Genital mutilation as an expression of power structures. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006; 10 (2):14-17.
Behrendt A, Moritz S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 ;162(5):1000-2
Morison L, Scherf C, Ekpo G, Paine K, West B, Coleman R, Walraven G. The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2001; 6 (8):643-53.
Elgaali M, Strevens H, Mardh PA. Female genital mutilation an exported medical hazard. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2005; 10: 93-7.
Zara Spencer. The criminalisation of female genital mutilation in Queensland. Electronic Journal of Law,
;9 (3)
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