"I am just what was bought": A qualitative study on the configuration of social pressure and biblical interpretation on women's health

Fotarisman Zaluchu(1), Cashtri Meher(2),


(1) Social Anthropology Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Corresponding Author

Abstract


One of the key factors contributing to poor health outcomes among women is the persistent prevalence of gender inequity, which relegates women to a marginalized position within their communities. This condition is reinforced by deeply rooted cultural traditions, particularly those associated with marriage, which impose long-lasting consequences on women’s lives post-marriage. This paper draws from the authors’ experiences conducting health research and health interventions in Nias Island, Indonesia. A total of 30 mothers with children under five, who participated in health education sessions, were interviewed six times. We also gathered information from mothers-in-law, husbands, midwives, and religious leaders in the study area. Through interactions with social agents from the Nias community, the study reveals the severe challenges faced by Nias women regarding their health, the neglect of their health priorities, and the formidable difficulties they encounter in escaping the constraints of norms that regulate both their thoughts and bodies.

References


WHO. Reproductive health [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Mar 5].

Available from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health

topics/reproductive-health

Glasier A, Gülmezoglu M, Schmid GP, Moreno CG, and

Van Look PF. Sexual and Reproductive Health 1

Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and

death. The Lancet. 2006;368:1595–607.

WHO. Social determinants of health [Internet]. 2021 [cited

Feb 25]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social

determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

D’Ambruoso L, Byass P, Qomariyah SN and Ouédraogo M.

A lost cause? Extending verbal autopsy to investigate

biomedical and socio-cultural causes of maternal

death in Burkina Faso and Indonesia. Soc Sci Med.

;71(10):1728–38.

Jat TR, Deo PR, Goicolea I, Hurtig AK and Sebastian MS.

Socio-cultural and service delivery dimensions of

maternal mortality in rural central India: a qualitative

exploration using a human rights lens. Glob Health

Action. 2015;8:1–15.

Mumtaz Z, Salway S, Shanner L, Bhatti A and Laing L.

Maternal deaths in Pakistan: intersection of gender,

caste, and social exclusion. BMC Int Health Hum

Rights. 2011;11(Suppl 2):S4.

Mohammed S, Khuan L, Durai RPR, Ismail IZB and Garba

SN. Barriers to reporting postpartum hemorrhage at

different levels of healthcare facilities in Nigeria: A

qualitative study. Belitung Nurs J. 2022 Dec

;8(6):538–45.

Muhumuza Kananura R. Unmasking the complexities of

healthcare access in low-resource settings: a health

systems approach to obstetric and under-5 healthcare

in rural settings of Eastern Uganda. Glob Health

Action. 2024 Dec 31;17(1).

WHO. Maternal mortality [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Jul

. Available from: https://www.who.int/news

room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality

Ministry of Health. Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (Indonesia

Nutrition Status Survey) 2022. Jakarta; 2023.

Meher C and Zaluchu F. Methods for stunting education in

impoverished rural areas using illustrated modules in

local languages. MethodsX. 2025 Jun;14:103086.

Van Oven M, Hämmerle JM, Van Schoor M, Kushnick G,

Pennekamp P, Zega I, Lao O, Brown L, Kennerknecht

I

and Kayser M. Unexpected Island effects at an

extreme: Reduced y chromosome and mitochondrial

DNA diversity in Nias. Mol Biol Evol.

;28(4):1349–61.

Harefa F. Hikayat dan Tjeritera Bangsa serta Adat Nias

(The story of Niasan tribe and customs). Sibolga:

Rapatfonds Residentie Tapanoeli; 1939.

Beatty A. Society and Exchange in Nias. Oxford:

Clarendon Press; 1992.

Zaluchu F. Gender Inequality, Behind Maternal Mortality

in

Nias

Island,

North Sumatra, Indonesia.

[Amsterdam]: University of Amsterdam; 2018.

Butler J. Undoing Gender. Oxford, UK: Routledge; 2004.

Butler J. Gender Trouble. Oxon, UK: Routledge; 2010.

Connell R. The Men and The Boys. NSW, Australia: Allen

& Unwin, St Leonards; 2000.

Naidu M and Ngqila KH. Enacting masculinities: Pleasure

to men and violence to women. AgendaL

Empowering

women for gender equity.

;27(1):61–70.

Bourdieu P. Masculine Domination. Polity Press; 2001.

Connell R. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and

Sexual Politics. Stanford University Press; 1987.

Connell RW. Masculinities. Second Ed. Berkeley-Los

Angeles: University of Chicago Press; 2005.

Uhlmann AJ, Bourdieu P and Nice R. Masculine

Domination. Contemp Sociol. 2002;31(4):407.

Connell RW and Messerschmidt JW. Hegemonic

Masculinity. Gender & Society. 2005;19(6):829–59.

Bourdieu P. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge:

Polity; 2012.

Wieringa SE, Bhaiya A, Katjasungkana N.

Heteronormativity, Passionate Aesthetics, and

Symbolic Subversion in Asia. Eastbourne, Chicago

and Ontario: Sussex Academic Press; 2015.

Wieringa SE. Passionate Aesthetics and Symbolic

Subversion:

Heteronormativity in India and

Indonesia. Asian Stud Rev. 2012;36(4):515–30.

Calvin J. Commentary on Corinthians - Volume 1. Grand

Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library; 1848.

Lechuga J and Jones DN. Bible Overclaiming and Intimate

Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence. 2024 Jul

;39(13–14):3040–61.

Wendt S, Clarke J and Mayer W. Exploring Christian

Lutheran theological framings that shape men’s

perpetration of domestic violence through pastor

perspectives. J Gend Stud. 2024 Jul 12;1–14.

Zaluchu F. Engaging the local church to tackle stunting in

Indonesia : a case study in Nias Island. Christian

Journal for Global Health. 2022;9(2)


Full Text: PDF

Article Metrics

Abstract View : 342 times
PDF Download : 184 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.