Interventions to address baby blues among postpartum mothers: A systematic review of effectiveness and implementation

Rahmawati Rahmawati(1), Junuda Junuda(2), Saida Saida(3), Akifah Akifah(4),


(1) Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
(2) Doctoral Program in Agricultural Sciences and Faculty of Medicine Psychiatry Laboratory, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
(3) Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
(4) Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
Corresponding Author

Abstract


Peripartum mood disorders encompass a spectrum of severity, ranging from transient and self-resolving "baby blues" to the more incapacitating postpartum depression. This systematic review evaluates non-pharmacological interventions targeting the prevention and management of postpartum blues among pregnant and postpartum women. Literature searches were conducted in ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Medline for studies published up to December 2023. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs investigating interventions for postpartum blues. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using CASP, JBI, and RoB 2 tools. Out of 306 articles screened, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorized into seven areas: mind (e.g., meditation, music therapy), bonding (e.g., mother-infant attachment), massage (e.g., effleurage), psychological support (e.g., thought-stopping therapy), education (e.g., psychoeducation), stimulation (e.g., acupressure), and oral treatments (e.g., herbal supplements). Quantitative findings indicated significant reductions in postpartum blues scores, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to strong depending on the intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation and music therapy demonstrated the most immediate effects, while spousal involvement enhanced long-term outcomes. This review highlights the diverse and culturally adaptable interventions available, though no single approach proved superior. Future research should refine assessment tools and examine longitudinal impacts of these therapies.

References


Wake GE, Fitie GW, Ashenafi B, Tadese M, and

Tessema SD. Magnitude and Determinant

Factors of Postpartum Depression Among

Mothers Attending Their Postnatal and

Vaccination Services at Public Health

Institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Front

Public Health [Internet]. 2022;10. Available

from:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/publichealth/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.882205

Liu X, Plana-Ripoll O, Ingstrup KG, Agerbo E,

SkjÊrven R and Munk-Olsen T. Postpartum

psychiatric disorders and subsequent live birth: a

population-based cohort study in Denmark.

Human Reproduction [Internet]. 2020 Apr

;35(4):958–67. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa016

Rai S, Pathak A and Sharma I. Postpartum psychiatric

disorders: Early diagnosis and management.

Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015;57(Suppl 2).

Available from:

https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fullt

ext/2015/57002/postpartum_psychiatric_disord

ers__early_diagnosis.6.aspx

Dutsch-Wicherek MM, Lewandowska A, Zgliczynska

M, Szubert S and Lew-Starowicz M. Psychiatric

disorders and changes in immune response in

labor and postpartum. FBL. 2020;25(8):1433–

Ntaouti E, Gonidakis F, Nikaina E, Varelas D, Creatsas

G, Chrousos G and Siahanidou T. Maternity

blues: risk factors in Greek population and

validity of the Greek version of Kennerley and

Gath’s blues questionnaire. The Journal of

Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine [Internet].

Jul 2;33(13):2253–62. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.154859

Sharma V, Singh P, Baczynski C and Khan M. A closer

look at the nosological status of the highs

(hypomanic symptoms) in the postpartum

period. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet].

;24(1):55–62. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-020-01023-1

Gaudernack LC, Michelsen TM, Egeland T, Voldner N

and Lukasse M. Does prolonged labor affect the

birth experience and subsequent wish for

cesarean section among first-time mothers? A

quantitative and qualitative analysis of a survey

from Norway. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

[Internet]. 2020;20(1):605. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03196-0

Grylka-Baeschlin S and Mueller AN. Primiparous

women’s expectations and experiences of early

labour: A qualitative study. Sexual &

Reproductive Healthcare [Internet].

;36:100839. Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S1877575623000290

Luciano M, Sampogna G, Del Vecchio V, Giallonardo

V, Perris F, Carfagno M, Raia ML, Di Vincenzo

M, La Verde M, Torella M and Fiorillo A. The

Transition From Maternity Blues to Full-Blown

Perinatal Depression: Results From a

Longitudinal Study. Front Psychiatry [Internet].

;12. Available from:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/

articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703180

Layyinah NU and Abidin Z. The Experience of

Primiparous Mothers in Regulating Emotions

during the Postpartum Period. Bulletin of

Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2023 Feb

;5(1):38–48.

Hassanzadeh R, Abbas-Alizadeh F, Meedya S,

Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S and

Mirghafourvand M. Perceptions of primiparous

women about the effect of childbirth preparation

classes on their childbirth experience: A

qualitative study. Midwifery [Internet].

;103:103154. Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S0266613821002345

Green G, Tesler R and Marques A. Primiparous and

Multiparous Women’s Mode of Birth and

Negative Emotions. Int J Environ Res Public

Health. 2022 May 1;19(9).

Agrawal I, Mehendale AM and Malhotra R. Risk

Factors of Postpartum Depression. Cureus. 2022

Oct 31;

Tang L, Zhang X and Zhu R. What Causes Postpartum

Depression and How to Cope with It: A

Phenomenological Study of Mothers in China.

Health Commun [Internet]. 2021 Oct

;36(12):1495–504. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.177106

Johansson M, Benderix Y and Svensson I. Mothers’

and fathers’ lived experiences of postpartum

depression and parental stress after childbirth: a

qualitative study. Int J Qual Stud Health Wellbeing [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1;15(1):1722564.

Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.172256

Almutairi HA, Alyousef SM, Alhamidi SA and

Almoammar DN. Exploring the Healthcare

Services’ Contribution to Reducing Postpartum

Depression. SAGE Open Nurs [Internet]. 2023

Jan 1;9:23779608231171780. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231171780

Saharoy R, Potdukhe A, Wanjari M and Taksande AB.

Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care:

Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and

Infants. Cureus. 2023 Jul 5;

Tosto V, Ceccobelli M, Lucarini E, Tortorella A, Gerli

S, Parazzini F and Favilli A. Maternity Blues: A

Narrative Review. Vol. 13, Journal of

Personalized Medicine. MDPI; 2023.

Lutkiewicz K, Bieleninik Ł, Cieślak M and Bidzan M.

Maternal–infant bonding and its relationships

with maternal depressive symptoms, stress and

anxiety in the early postpartum period in a polish

sample. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020

Aug 1;17(15):1–12.

Gholampour F, Riem MME and van den Heuvel MI.

Maternal brain in the process of maternal-infant

bonding: Review of the literature. Soc Neurosci

[Internet]. 2020 Jul 3;15(4):380–4. Available

from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2020.176409

Chechko N, Losse E, Frodl T and Nehls S. Baby blues,

premenstrual syndrome and postpartum

affective disorders: intersection of risk factors

and reciprocal influences. BJPsych Open

[Internet]. 2023/12/04. 2024;10(1):e3. Available

from:

https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/0F943

F98E9DA4A15E96A78C

Craig MC, Sethna V, Gudbrandsen M, Pariante CM,

Seneviratne T, Stoencheva V, Sethi A, Catani M,

Brammer M, Murphy DGM and Daly E. Birth of

the blues: emotional sound processing in infants

exposed to prenatal maternal depression.

Psychol Med [Internet]. 2022/07/04.

;52(11):2017–23. Available from:

https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/D74F

E0100FD8E795DCC5C2C1C17874

Schweizer-Schubert S, Gordon JL, Eisenlohr-Moul

TA, Meltzer-Brody S, Schmalenberger KM,

Slopien R, Zietlow AL, Ehlert U and Ditzen B.

Steroid Hormone Sensitivity in Reproductive

Mood Disorders: On the Role of the GABAA

Receptor Complex and Stress During Hormonal

Transitions. Front Med (Lausanne) [Internet].

;7. Available from:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fm

ed.2020.479646

Sari IN, Susanti. The Role of Hormonal Regulation

and Brain Neurotransmitters in Baby Blues

Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review.

Sriwijaya Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Oct 9;1(2):24–9.

Modak A, Ronghe V, Gomase KP, Mahakalkar MG

and Taksande V. A Comprehensive Review of

Motherhood and Mental Health: Postpartum

Mood Disorders in Focus. Cureus. 2023

Sep 29;

Valadares G, Drummond AV, Rangel CC, Santos E,

Apter G. Maternal Mental Health and

Peripartum Depression. In: RennÛ Jr. J,

Valadares G, Cantilino A, Mendes-Ribeiro J,

Rocha R and Geraldo da Silva A, editors.

Women’s Mental Health: A Clinical and

Evidence-Based Guide [Internet]. Cham:

Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 349–

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-

-030-29081-8_24

Garapati J, Jajoo S, Aradhya D, Reddy LS, Dahiphale

SM and Patel DJ. Postpartum Mood Disorders:

Insights into Diagnosis, Prevention, and

Treatment. Cureus. 2023 Jul 19;

Maurer DM, Raymond TJ and Davis BN. Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

[Internet]. Vol. 98, Am Fam Physician. 2018.

Available from:

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1015/p1395.htm

landhttps://familydoctor.org/conditions/depressi

on.

Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K and Shiri R. Prevalence

of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic

review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of

Psychiatry. 2017;210(5):315–23.

Bastos MH, Furuta M, Small R, McKenzie‐McHarg

K and Bick D. Debriefing interventions for the

prevention of psychological trauma in women

following childbirth. Cochrane database of

systematic reviews. 2015;(4).

Nabhan AF and Aflaifel N. High feedback versus low

feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing

maternal anxiety and improving maternal health

behaviour in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of

Systematic Reviews. 2015;(8).

Sado M, Ota E, Stickley A and Mori R. Hypnosis

during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal

period for preventing postnatal depression.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

;(6).

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I,

Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L,

Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R,

Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, HrÛbjartsson A, Lalu

MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E,

McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA,

Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P

andMoher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An

updated guideline for reporting systematic

reviews. Vol. 372, The BMJ. BMJ Publishing

Group; 2021.

Bohari NH, As’ad S, Khuzaimah A, Miskad UA,

Ahmad M and Bahar B. The effect of

acupressure therapy on mothers with postpartum

blues. Enferm Clin. 2020 Mar 1;30:612–4.

Kusumastuti K, Hastin II and Na’mah LU. The

Effectivities of Yoga Gymnastic to Decrease the

Level of Postpartum Blues Incidence. In:

Advances in Health Sciences Research. Atlantis

Press; 2021. p. 431–5.

Laela S, Anna Keliat B and Mustikasari. Thought

stopping and supportive therapy can reduce

postpartum blues and anxiety parents of

premature babies. Enferm Clin. 2018 Feb

;28:126–9.

Rahyani NK, Budhi NGMAA and Armini NW. Yoga

and Facial Accupressure to Prevent Baby Blues

and Depression in Postpartum Period.

International Journal of Science and Research

(IJSR). 2023 Nov 5;12(11):587–93.

Sarli D and N Sari F. THE EFFECT OF MASSAGE

THERAPY WITH EFFLEURAGE

TECHNIQUES AS A PREVENTION OF

BABY BLUES PREVENTION ON MOTHER

POSTPARTUM. International Journal of

Advancement in Life Sciences Research. 2018

Jul 9;1(3):15–21.

Yolanda D, Rahmadhani P andMerianti L. Alqur’an

Muratal Therapy and Postpartum Blues

[Internet]. Vol. 1, International Health Journal

(IHJ). 2023. Available from:

https://health.tpublishing.org/index.php/health/i

ndex

Tonasih T, Widayanti W and Ratnawati J. The Effect

Of Qur’anic Murottal Therapy On Postpartum

Blues During The Puerperium. International

Journal of Psychology and Health Science

[Internet]. 2023;1(2):78–85. Available from:

https://https://greenpub.org/IJPHShttps://creativ

ecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Yunanto E, Yunia Renny Andhikatyas and Migita

Vidia Amita. THE EFFECT OF

PSYCHOEDUCATION ON THE INCIDENT

OF POSTPARTUM BLUES IN BANJARSARI

VILLAGE, BANJARSARI DISTRICT,

SURAKARTA. Journal for Quality in Women’s

Health. 2023 Sep 27;6(2):127–31.

Ahmadi M, Rahimi F, Rosta F, AlaviMajd H and

Valiani M. Effect of Progressive Muscle

Relaxation Training on Postpartum Blues in

High-risk Pregnant Women. Journal of Holistic

Nursing and Midwifery. 2019;29(4):192–9.

Akbarzade M, Rafiee B, Asadi N, Nematollahi A and

Taheri M. Comparison of the Effects of

Attachment and Relaxation Instruction on the

Third Trimester Depression and Post-partum

Blues. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and

Gynaecology. 2018 Jan 15;12(1):17–21.

Alimoradi Z, Asgari S, Barghamadi S, Hajnasiri H,

Oleson T and Griffiths MD. Effect of auricular

acupressure on postpartum blues: A randomized

sham controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin

Pract [Internet]. 2023;52:101762. Available

from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S1744388123000439

Dehshiri M, Ghorashi Z and Lotfipur SM. Effects of

husband involvement in prenatal care on

couples’ intimacy and postpartum blues in

primiparous women: A quasi-experimental

study. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery.

;11(3):179–89.

Shobeiri F. The Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care

Counseling on Postpartum Blues, A

Randomized Clinical Trial. Scientific Journal of

Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty. 2018

Jun 1;26(2):113–9.

Beihaghi M, Yousefzade S, Mazloom SR, Gharavi

MM and Hamedi SS. The Effect of Melissa

Officinalis on Postpartum Blues in Women

Undergoing Cesarean Section. Journal of

Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2019 Apr

;7(2):1656–63.

Gouda AMI, Fathy MT, Elboghdady L and El-Nemer

AMR. Effectiveness Of An Instructional

Brochure On Relieving Postpartum Blues. Vol.

, Mansoura Nursing Journal (MNJ). 2014.

Thitipitchayanant K, Somrongthong R, Kumar R and

Kanchanakharn N. Effectiveness of selfempowerment-affirmation-relaxation(SelfEAR) program for postpartum blues mothers: A

randomize controlled trial. Pak J Med Sci. 2018

Nov 1;34(6):1488–93.

K‹«‹KKAYA B, CAN I and G‹LER G. The effect

of music played to new birth mothers on

postpartum blues: A randomized controlled trial.

Early Hum Dev [Internet]. 2024;192:106013.

Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S0378378224000823

Moyo GPK and Djoda N. Relationship between the

baby blues and postpartum depression: a study

among Cameroonian women. American Journal

of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2020;8(1):26–

Trigo M. Postpartum depression: How it differs from

the “baby blues.” European Psychiatry.

;64(S1):S694–5.

Beck CT. Postpartum Depression: It isn’t just the

blues:. AJN The American Journal of Nursing.

;106(5):40–50.

Henshaw C, Foreman D and Cox J. Postnatal blues: a

risk factor for postnatal depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology.

;25(3–4):267–72.

Thombs BD, Benedetti A, Kloda LA, Levis B, Riehm

KE, Azar M, Cuijpers P, Gilbody S, Ioannidis

JP, McMillan D, Patten SB, Shrier I, Steele RJ,

Ziegelstein RC, Tonelli M, Mitchell N, Comeau

L, Schinazi J and Vigod S. Diagnostic accuracy

of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

(EPDS) for detecting major depression in

pregnant and postnatal women: protocol for a

systematic review and individual patient data

meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e009742.

Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL, Oliveira ASD and

Lobato G. Revisiting the dimensional structure

of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

(EPDS): empirical evidence for a general factor.

BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:1–12.

Choi SK, Kim JJ, Park YG, Ko HS, Park IY and Shin

JC. The simplified Edinburgh Postnatal

Depression Scale (EPDS) for antenatal

depression: is it a valid measure for prescreening? Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(1):40.

Teissedre F and Chabrol H. A study of the Edinburgh

Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on 859

mothers: detection of mothers at risk for

postpartum depression. Encephale.

;30(4):376–81.

Levis B, Negeri Z, Sun Y, Benedetti A and Thombs

BD. Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal

Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect

major depression among pregnant and

postpartum women: systematic review and metaanalysis of individual participant data. bmj.

;371.

Kamali Z, Allahyar N, Ostovar S, Alhabshi SMS bin

SM and Griffiths MD. Factors that influence

marital intimacy: A qualitative analysis of

Iranian married couples. Cogent Psychol.

;7(1):1771118.

Taffazoli M, Montakhab Asadi M, Aminyazdi SA and

Shakeri MT. The relationship between maternalfetal attachment and mother-infant attachment

behaviors in primiparous women referring to

Mashhad health care centers. Journal of

Midwifery and Reproductive Health.

;3(2):318–27.

Salehi K and Kohan S. Maternal-fetal attachment:

What we know and what we need to know.

International Journal of Pregnancy & Child

Birth. 2017;2(5):00038.

Sousa e Silva C and Carneiro M. Adaptation to

parenthood: the birth of the first child. Revista de

Enfermagem ReferÍncia. 2014;4(3).

Kurt FY, Kucukoglu S, Ozdemir AA and Ozcan Z.

The effect of kangaroo care on maternal

attachment in preterm infants. Niger J Clin Pract.

;23(1):26–32.

Erduran B and Yaman Sözbir Ş. Effects of intermittent

kangaroo care on maternal attachment,

postpartum depression of mothers with preterm

infants. J Reprod Infant Psychol.

;41(5):556–65.

Kostilainen K, Mikkola K, Erkkil‰ J and Huotilainen

M. Effects of maternal singing during kangaroo

care on maternal anxiety, wellbeing, and motherinfant relationship after preterm birth: a mixed

methods study. Nord J Music Ther.

;30(4):357–76.

Mehrpisheh S, Doorandish Z, Farhadi R, Ahmadi M,

Moafi M and Elyasi F. The Effectiveness of

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on attachment of

mothers with premature infants. Eur J Obstet

Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2022;15:100149.

Molassiotis A, Suen L, Lai C, Chan B, Wat KHY,

Tang J, To KL, Leung CO, Lee S, Lee P and

Chien WT.. The effectiveness of acupressure in

the management of depressive symptoms and in

improving quality of life in older people living

in the community: a randomised shamcontrolled trial. Aging Ment Health.

;24(6):1001–9.

GarcÌa-Escamilla E and RodrÌguez-MartÌn B. What

can acupuncture bring to Western medicine? The

perspective of health professionals also trained

in Traditional Chinese Medicine-based

acupuncture. Eur J Integr Med. 2017;12:108–16.

GarcÌa-Escamilla E and RodrÌguez-MartÌn B. What

can acupuncture bring to Western medicine? The

perspective of health professionals also trained

in Traditional Chinese Medicine-based

acupuncture. Eur J Integr Med. 2017;12:108–16.

Kaptchuk TJ. Acupuncture: theory, efficacy, and

practice. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(5):374–83.

Lin J, Chen T, He J, Chung RCK, Ma H and Tsang

HWH. Impacts of acupressure treatment on

depression: A systematic review and metaanalysis. World J Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):169.

Javadian M, Ehteshami AH and Hosseini SH. A

Comparison of Causes and Methods of Treating

Anxiety from Perspective of Qur’an, Old

Testament and New Schools of Psychology.

Iranian Journal of Comparative Education.

;3(3):757–74.

Saged AAG, Mohd Yusoff MYZ, Abdul Latif F,

Hilmi SM, Al-Rahmi WM, Al-Samman A, Alias

N and Zeki AM.. Impact of Quran in treatment

of the psychological disorder and spiritual

illness. J Relig Health. 2020;59:1824–37.

Abas A, Nizam bin Sahad M. Psycho-Educational

Affirmations from the Qur’An on Sadness to

Prevent/Treat Depression for Muslim Clients of

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Approach. Abas,

NA and Sahad MN (2021, June 4-6) Psychoeducational Affirmations from the Qur’an on

Sadness to Prevent/Treat Depression for Muslim

Clients of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Approach. 2021;

Vasegh S and Mohammadi MR. Religiosity, anxiety,

and depression among a sample of Iranian

medical students. The International Journal of

Psychiatry in Medicine. 2007;37(2):213–27.

Burlaka V, Kim YJ, Lee NY, Kral M and Hong JS.

Suicidal Behaviors among College Students at a

Bible Belt University: The Role of Childhood

Trauma, Spirituality, Anxiety, and Depression.

Best Pract Ment Health. 2020;16(2):1–20.

Hamilton JB, Moore AD, Johnson KA and Koenig

HG. Reading the Bible for guidance, comfort,

and strength during stressful life events. Nurs

Res. 2013;62(3):178–84.

Bosworth HB, Park K, McQuoid DR, Hays JC and

Steffens DC. The impact of religious practice

and religious coping on geriatric depression. Int

J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(10):905–14.

Ogorek D and Isaacson J. Exploration of a biblical

counseling program for depression. J Relig

Health. 2021;60:1096–115.

Garrido S, Schubert E. Music and People with

Tendencies to Depression. Music Percept

[Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;32(4):313–21. Available

from: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.4.313

Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, Spreen M, Ket

JC, Vink AC, Maratos A, Crawford M, Chen XJ

and Gold C. Music therapy for depression.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

[Internet]. 2017;(11). Available from:

https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD004517.p

ub3

Leubner D and Hinterberger T. Reviewing the

Effectiveness of Music Interventions in Treating

Depression. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2017;8.

Available from:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psycholog

y/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01109

Garrido S and Schubert E. Music and People with

Tendencies to Depression. Music Percept

[Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;32(4):313–21. Available

from: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.4.313

Zhu Y, Wang R, Tang X, Li Q, Xu G and Zhang A.

The effect of music, massage, yoga and exercise

on antenatal depression: A meta-analysis. J

Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021;292:592–602.

Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S0165032721005760

Tang Q, Huang Z, Zhou H and Ye P. Effects of music

therapy on depression: A meta-analysis of

randomized controlled trials. PLoS One

[Internet]. 2020 Nov 18;15(11):e0240862-.

Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240862

Erkkil‰ J, Brabant O, Hartmann M, Mavrolampados

A, Ala-Ruona E, Snape N, Saarikallio S and

Gold C. Music Therapy for Depression

Enhanced With Listening Homework and Slow

Paced Breathing: A Randomised Controlled

Trial. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2021;12.

Available from:

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psycholog

y/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613821

Hardayati YA, Mustikasari and Panjaitan RU. The

effects of thought stopping on anxiety levels in

adolescents living in earthquake-prone areas.

Enferm Clin [Internet]. 2021;31:S395–9.

Available from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

ii/S113086212100005X

Angela Cynthia Maharani and Najlatun Naqiyah.

Thought Stopping Techniques to Reduce Social

Anxiety. Bisma The Journal of Counseling. 2022

Sep 29;6(2):249–57.

Christyaningrum H, Astuti B, Puri LW and Martono

M. The Effectiveness of Thought Stopping to

Reduce Public Speaking Anxiety for the

Students of Counseling Programs. 2022.


Full Text: PDF

Article Metrics

Abstract View : 3152 times
PDF Download : 1020 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.