A Five-Year Breast Cancer-Specific Survival Disadvantage of African American Women

Laurens Holmes, Jr; Franklin Opara; Jobayer Hossain

(mysql): SET NAMES 'utf8'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM sessions WHERE session_id = 'quevhkntq4ns938nih1lbgjqr7'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM journals WHERE path = 'ajrh'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM site

(mysql): SELECT v.* FROM versions v LEFT JOIN plugin_settings ps ON lower(v.product_class_name) = ps.plugin_name AND ps.setting_name = 'enabled' AND ((journal_id = '1') OR v.sitewide = 1) WHERE v.current = 1 AND (ps.setting_value = '1' OR v.lazy_load <> 1)

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.usageStats.UsageStatsLoader'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.generic.pln.classes.tasks.Depositor'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.crossref.CrossrefInfoSender'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.datacite.DataciteInfoSender'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'plugins.importexport.medra.MedraInfoSender'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'classes.tasks.ReviewReminder'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'classes.tasks.SubscriptionExpiryReminder'

(mysql): SELECT last_run FROM scheduled_tasks WHERE class_name = 'classes.tasks.OpenAccessNotification'

(mysql): SELECT pa.*, a.*, COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title, COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev FROM published_articles pa INNER JOIN articles a ON pa.article_id = a.article_id LEFT JOIN sections s ON s.section_id = a.section_id LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (s.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (s.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (s.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (s.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US') INNER JOIN article_settings ast ON a.article_id = ast.article_id WHERE ast.setting_name = 'pub-id::publisher-id' AND ast.setting_value = '511' ORDER BY pa.issue_id, a.article_id

(mysql): SELECT pa.*, a.*, COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title, COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev FROM published_articles pa, articles a LEFT JOIN sections s ON s.section_id = a.section_id LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (s.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (s.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (s.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (s.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US') WHERE pa.article_id = a.article_id AND a.article_id = 511

(mysql): SELECT g.*, a.file_name, a.original_file_name, a.file_stage, a.file_type, a.file_size, a.date_uploaded, a.date_modified FROM article_galleys g LEFT JOIN article_files a ON (g.file_id = a.file_id) WHERE g.article_id = 511 ORDER BY g.seq

(mysql): SELECT * FROM article_galley_settings WHERE galley_id = '424'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM article_settings WHERE article_id = '511'

(mysql): SELECT s.*, a.file_name, a.original_file_name, a.file_type, a.file_size, a.date_uploaded, a.date_modified FROM article_supplementary_files s LEFT JOIN article_files a ON (s.file_id = a.file_id) WHERE s.article_id = 511 ORDER BY s.seq

(mysql): SELECT i.* FROM issues i INNER JOIN issue_settings ist ON i.issue_id = ist.issue_id WHERE ist.setting_name = 'pub-id::publisher-id' AND ist.setting_value = '39' ORDER BY i.issue_id

(mysql): SELECT i.* FROM issues i WHERE issue_id = 39

(mysql): SELECT * FROM issue_settings WHERE issue_id = '39'

(mysql): SELECT iss.subscription_id FROM institutional_subscriptions iss, subscriptions s, subscription_types st WHERE POSITION(UPPER(LPAD(iss.domain, LENGTH(iss.domain)+1, '.')) IN UPPER(LPAD('216.73.217.111', LENGTH('216.73.217.111')+1, '.'))) != 0 AND iss.domain != '' AND iss.subscription_id = s.subscription_id AND s.journal_id = '1' AND s.status = 1 AND s.type_id = st.type_id AND st.institutional = 1 AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2026-05-27 19:15:33' >= s.date_start AND '2026-05-27 19:15:33' <= s.date_end))) AND (st.format = 1 OR st.format = 17)

(mysql): SELECT isip.subscription_id FROM institutional_subscription_ip isip, subscriptions s, subscription_types st WHERE ((isip.ip_end IS NOT NULL AND '3628718447' >= isip.ip_start AND '3628718447' <= isip.ip_end AND isip.subscription_id = s.subscription_id AND s.journal_id = '1' AND s.status = 1 AND s.type_id = st.type_id AND st.institutional = 1 AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2026-05-27 19:15:33' >= s.date_start AND '2026-05-27 19:15:33' <= s.date_end))) AND (st.format = 1 OR st.format = 17)) OR (isip.ip_end IS NULL AND '3628718447' = isip.ip_start AND isip.subscription_id = s.subscription_id AND s.journal_id = '1' AND s.status = 1 AND s.type_id = st.type_id AND st.institutional = 1 AND ((st.non_expiring = 1) OR (st.non_expiring = 0 AND ('2026-05-27 19:15:33' >= s.date_start AND '2026-05-27 19:15:33' <= s.date_end))) AND (st.format = 1 OR st.format = 17)))

(mysql): SELECT * FROM sections WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM section_settings WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM sections WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM section_settings WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): SELECT pa.*, a.*, COALESCE(stl.setting_value, stpl.setting_value) AS section_title, COALESCE(sal.setting_value, sapl.setting_value) AS section_abbrev FROM published_articles pa, articles a LEFT JOIN sections s ON s.section_id = a.section_id LEFT JOIN section_settings stpl ON (s.section_id = stpl.section_id AND stpl.setting_name = 'title' AND stpl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings stl ON (s.section_id = stl.section_id AND stl.setting_name = 'title' AND stl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sapl ON (s.section_id = sapl.section_id AND sapl.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sapl.locale = 'en_US') LEFT JOIN section_settings sal ON (s.section_id = sal.section_id AND sal.setting_name = 'abbrev' AND sal.locale = 'en_US') WHERE pa.article_id = a.article_id AND a.article_id = 511

(mysql): SELECT * FROM article_galley_settings WHERE galley_id = '424'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM article_settings WHERE article_id = '511'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citations WHERE assoc_type = 257 AND assoc_id = 511 AND citation_state >= 0 AND citation_state <= 5 ORDER BY seq, citation_id

(mysql): SELECT * FROM sections WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM section_settings WHERE section_id = '1'

(mysql): select version()

(mysql): SELECT i.* FROM issues i WHERE journal_id = 1 AND current = 1

(mysql): SELECT * FROM issue_settings WHERE issue_id = '197'

A Five-Year Breast Cancer-Specific Survival Disadvantage of African American Women | <hr /> (mysql): SELECT * FROM authors WHERE submission_id = 511 ORDER BY seq <hr /> <hr /> (mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1625' <hr /> <hr /> (mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1626' <hr /> <hr /> (mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1627' <hr /> Holmes, Jr | African Journal of Reproductive Health

(mysql): SELECT * FROM authors WHERE submission_id = 511 ORDER BY seq

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1625'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1626'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1627'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM authors WHERE submission_id = 511 ORDER BY seq

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1625'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1626'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1627'

A Five-Year Breast Cancer-Specific Survival Disadvantage of African American Women

(mysql): SELECT * FROM authors WHERE submission_id = 511 ORDER BY seq

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1625'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1626'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM author_settings WHERE author_id = '1627'
Laurens Holmes, Jr, Franklin Opara, Jobayer Hossain

Abstract

Racial/ethnic disparities in female breast cancer survival continue to persist in United States. However, disparities comparing African Americans (AA), Asians and Caucasians remain to be assessed. We aimed to assess multiracial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer survival, and to examine the factors that may explain the variability. A total of 6,951 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1992 and 1998 were identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registries. The effect of race/ethnicity and the prognostic factors on survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazard model. AA demonstrated a survival disadvantage. Compared to Asians, Caucasians had 74% increased risk of dying (HR= 1.74, 95% CI = 1.31 – 2.33), while AA were almost three times as likely as Asians to die, (HR=2.78, 95% CI 2.02 – 3.86). After adjustment for the relevant covariates the survival disadvantage of AA persisted. Relative to Asians, Caucasians were 45% more likely to die (HR=1.45, 95% CI 1.10 – 1.93), while AA were more than two times as likely to die (HR=2.57, 95% CI 1.86 - 3.55). There were substantial racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer survival among United States women. AA demonstrated survival disadvantage compared with either Caucasians or Asians, which persisted even after controlling factors known to influence breast cancer survival (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[3]: 195-200).

Résumé

Désavantage de la survie spécifique du cancer du sein à cinq ans chez les femmes afro-américaines. Les disparités raciales/ethniques dans la survie du cancer du sein chez la femme persistent encore aux Etats-Unis. Néanmoins, l’on n’a pas encore évalué les disparités de manière comparative chez les Afro-Américains (AA), les Asiatiques et les Caucasiens. Nous avions comme objectif d’avancer les disparités dans la survie du cancer du sein et d’examiner les facteurs qui puissent expliquer la variabilité. Au total, on a diagnostiqué le cancer du sein chez 6951 femmes entre 1992 et 1998 qui ont été identifiées à travers la surveillance, l’épidémiologie et des listes des résultats définitifs de la tumeur. L’effet de la race / l’ethnie et les facteurs pronostiqués sur la survie ont été évalués à l’aide du modèle du danger proportionnel de Cox. L’AA a démontré un désavantage de la survie. Par rapport aux Asiatiques, les Caucasiens couraient un risque accru à74% de mourir (HR1, 74, 95% Cl = 1,31-2,33), alors que les AA avaient presque trois fois plus la possibilité de mourir que les Asiatiques (HR=2,78, 95%Cl 2,92-3,86). Après les ajustements pour arriver aux co-variables, le désavantage de la survie de l’AA a persisté. Par rapport aux Asiatiques, les Caucasiens avaient 45% plus la possibilité de mourir (HR=1,45, 95% CL 110-1,93), tandis que les AA avaient plus de deux fois la possibilité de mourir (HR=2,57, 95%CL 1,86-3,55). Il y avait beaucoup de disparités raciales/ethniques à l’égard de la survie du cancer du sein chez les femmes américaines. Les AA ont démontré un désavantage de la survie par rapport soit aux Caucasiens soit aux Asiatiques qui ont persisté même après avoir contrôlé les facteurs qui influent sur la survie du cancer du sein (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[3]: 195-200).

Key words: African American Women; breast cancer survival; racial/ethnic disparities; United States.

Full Text:

PDF

References

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13773'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13773 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13774'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13774 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, et al: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1996. Bethesda, MD, National Cancer Institute, 1999,NIH publication 99-2789

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13775'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13775 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Du XL, Goodwin JS, Freeman JL, Nattinger AB,: Survival of women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 72: 23-31, 2002

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13776'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13776 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

National Cancer Institute: The SEER Program Code Manual (revised ed). Bethesda, MD, National Cancer Institute , 1994, NIH Publication 94-1999

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13777'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13777 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Du XL, Goodwin JS: Patterns of use of chemotherapy for breast cancer in older women: findings from Medicare Claims data. J. Clin. Oncol. 19:1455-1461, 2001

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13778'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13778 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Early Breast cancer Trialist’ Collaborative Group: Systematic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotixic, or immune therapy: 133 randomized trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet 339:1-15, 71-85, 1992

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13779'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13779 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Bassett MT, Krieger N. Social class and blackwhite differences in breast cancer survival. Am. J. Public Health. 1986; 76:1400-1403.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13780'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13780 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Eley JW, Hill HA, Chen VW, et al. Racial differences in survival from breast cancer: results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. JAMA. 1994; 272:947-954.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13781'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13781 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Weiss SE, Tartter PI, Ahmed S, et al. Ethnic differences in risk and prognostic factors for breast cancer. Cancer. 1995; 76:268-274.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13782'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13782 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Krieger N, van den Eeden SK, Zava D, Okamoto A. Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: a study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco Bay area. Ethn Dis. 1997; 7:137-149.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13783'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13783 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Lyman GH, Kuderer NM, Lyman SL, Cox CE,

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13784'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13784 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Reintgen D, Baekey P. Importance of race on breast cancer survival. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997; 4:80-87.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13785'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13785 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Simon MS, Severson RK. Racial differences in breast cancer survival: the interaction of socioeconomic status and tumor biology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176:S233-S239.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13786'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13786 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Armstrong K, et al. (2000). Assessing the risk of breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med., 342(8): 564–570 ,

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13787'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13787 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Willett WC, et al. (2004). Nongenetic factors in the causation of breast cancer. In JR Harris et al., eds., Dis. Breast, 3rd ed., pp. 223–276. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13788'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13788 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Carey LA, et al. (2006). Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA, 295(21): 2492–2502.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13789'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13789 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Velanovich V, Yood MU, Bawle U, et al. Racial differences in the presentation and surgical management of breast cancer. Surgery. 1999; 125:375-379.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13790'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13790 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Yood MU, Johnson CC, Blount A, et al. Race and differences in breast cancer survival in a managed care population. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 14871491.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13791'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13791 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Roetzheim RG, Gonzalez EC, Ferrante JM, Pal N, Van Durme DJ, Krischer JP. Effects of health insurance and race on breast carcinoma treatments and outcomes. Cancer. 2000; 89:2202-2213.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13792'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13792 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Joslyn SA, West MM. Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer. 2000; 88:114-123.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13793'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13793 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Newman LA, Carolin K, Simon M, et al. Impact of breast carcinoma on African-American women: the Detroit experience. Cancer. 2001; 91:1834-1843.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13794'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13794 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Bradley CJ, Given CW, Roberts C. Race, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer treatment and survival. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94:490-496.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13795'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13795 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Chu KC, Lamar CA, Freeman HP. Racial disparities in breast carcinoma survival rates: seperating factors that affect diagnosis from factors that affect treatment. Cancer. 2003; 97:2853-2860.

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13796'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13796 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Jones BA, Kasl SV, Howe CL, et al. African- American/white differences in breast carcinoma: p53 alterations and other tumor characteristics. Cancer. 2004; 101:1293-1301.)

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13797'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13797 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Ghafoor A, Jemal A, Ward E, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Thun M. Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2003;53:342-355

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13798'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13798 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:10-30

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13799'

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13799 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC

Holmes, L Jr, Chan W, Jiang Z, Ward D, Essien EJ, Du X. Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on racial/ethnic disparities in survival of older men treated for locoregional prostate cancer Cancer Control. 2009 April; 16(2): 176–185.

Dayal HH, Power RN, Chiu C. Race and socioeconomic status in survival from breast cancer. J. Chronic Dis. 1982; 35:675-683.

(mysql): SELECT r.* FROM referrals r WHERE r.article_id = 511 AND r.status = 2

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

ISSN: 2141-3606

Hosted by Mason Publishing, part of the George Mason University Libraries.

(mysql): UPDATE sessions SET user_id = NULL, ip_address = '216.73.217.111', user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)', created = 1779909333, last_used = 1779909333, remember = 0, data = '', domain = 'www.ajrh.info' WHERE session_id = 'quevhkntq4ns938nih1lbgjqr7'

FIND ARTICLES

ABOUT AJRH

GUIDELINES

PAYMENTS & SUBSCRIPTIONS

Language Translator

Indexing & Abstracting

Connect With Us

A Five-Year Breast Cancer-Specific Survival Disadvantage of African American Women

Abstract

Full Text:

References

Refbacks

Username
Password
Remember me