Obesity and overweight are not only problem of developed nations but also an increasing problem in developing countries with health consequences. Studies have highlighted the link between obesity, infertility and adverse reproductive health outcome. Obesity contributes majorly to two most commonmedical risks in pregnancy: diabetes and hypertension. It is associated with increased risk of large-for-gestationalage and   hypertensive disorders, including preeclampsia, whichmay be associated with low birth weight. Combination of factors viz individual lifestyle, environmental and genetic play role in obesity. Weight loss has demonstrated toimprove fertility in obese women throughrecovery of spontaneous ovulation, and improved response to ovarian stimulation in infertility treatment. Therefore, weight  management interventions, should be considered for overweight and obese infertile women (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[3]: 143-151).

 

Résumé 

 

Obésité et la performance de reproduction chez la femme. L’obésité et la surcharge pondérale sont non seulement des problèmes qui se posent aux pays avancés, mais aussi aux pays en développement avec des conséquences pour la santé. Des études ont souligné les liens entre l’obésité, la stérilité et les conséquences défavorables pour la santé de reproduction. L’obésité contribue de manière significative à deux risques médicaux les plus communs pendant la grossesse: le diabète et l’hypertension. Elle est associée au risque accru d’avoir une grossesse qui est plus grande que l’âge gestationnel et des désordres hypertensifs, y compris la pré- éclampsie qui peut être liée à un faible poids de naissance. Une combinaison de facteurs, c’est à dire le mode de vie individuel, l’environnement et les facteurs génétiques jouent un rôle dans l’obésité. On a démontré que la perte de poids améliore la fécondité chez les femmes obèses à travers le rétablissement spontané de l’ovulation et la réponse améliorée à la stimulation de l’ovaire dans le traitement de la stérilité. En conséquence, les interventions des modalités du traitement du poids doivent être considérées à l’égard des femmes stériles obèses et qui ont une surcharge pondérales (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[3]: 143-151).

 

Key words: Obesity, reproductive health, fertility.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13538'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13538 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13539'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13539 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Obesity Task Force, World Health Organization. Global Strategy On Diet, Physical Activity And Health:

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13540'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13540 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Obesity and Overweight. 2005; Available: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/gs_obesity.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13541'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13541 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Jackson D. Why Obesity is Winning, Boston Globe. 2005.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13542'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13542 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Baxter J. Obesity surgery- another unmet need. BMJ 2000; 321: 523 -524.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13543'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13543 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Colditz G. Economic costs of obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 55:503-7S.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13544'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13544 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Maxine Frith. Obesity In Britain Triples In 14years. Social Affair Correspondent. The Independent- UK. 26-4 http:// www.rense.com Retrieved 3rd July, 08

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13545'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13545 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Timo E. Saaristo , Noël C. Barengo, Eeva KorpiHyövälti. High prevalence of obesity, central obesity and abnormal glucose tolerance in the middle-aged Finnish population BMC Public Health 2008; 8:423 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-423

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13546'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13546 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) The eighth biannual health report of the AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra. Australia’s health 2002.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13547'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13547 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C and Heath CW Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341,1097–1105.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13548'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13548 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K and Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348,1625–1638.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13549'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13549 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Callaway LK, Prins JB, Chang AM, McIntyre HD. The prevalence and impact of overweight and obesity in an Australian population. Med. J. Aust. 2006 184:56–59. [PubMed]

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13550'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13550 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Fourie J, Lambert V, et al. Obesity in South Africa: the South African demographic and health survey. Obes. Res. 2002; 10:1038-1048.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13551'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13551 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Filozof C, Gonzalez C, Sereday M, Mazza C, Braguinsky J. Obesity prevalence and trends in Latin- American countries. Obestet. Rev. 2001; 2:99-106.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13552'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13552 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Rivera JA, Barquera S, Campirano F, Campos I, Safdie M, Tovar V. Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5:113-122.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13553'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13553 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Satpathy HK, Fleming A, Frey D, Barsoom M, Satpathy C, Khandalavala J. Maternal obesity preg. Postgrad Med. 2008; p 15;120 (3):E01-9. Department of OB-GYN, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA. .

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13554'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13554 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bakari AG , Onyemelukwe GC, Sani BG, Aliyu IS, Hassan SS and Aliyu TM. Obesity, overweight and under weight in suburban northern Nigeria. Intl. J. Diabetes & Metabolism 2007; 15: 68-69

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13555'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13555 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Obi Samuel N and Obute Ejike A. Pregnancy in the Obese Nigerian. Trop. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2004; 21(1): 32-35

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13556'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13556 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Onche Odeh. Nigeria: Obesity, Diabetes Epidemics Loom. Daily Independent (Lagos) 31 October 2008 Posted to the web 31 October 2008 Assessed Nov, 21, 2008. All Africa.com:

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13557'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13557 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu, Amy Luke, Richard S Cooper, Guichan Cao, Lara Dugas, Adebowale Adeyemo, Michael Boyne, and Terrence Forrester. Rapid increase in obesity in Jamaica compared to Nigeria and the United states. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 133.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13558'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13558 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Sudi IY., Nathan MB and Ibrahim A. A Survey of Obesity in Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Mubi, Nigeria. J. Sustainable Dev. Agric. Environ. 2008; Vol. 3(2):138-142 ISSN: 0794-8867 © Paraclete Publishers

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13559'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13559 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Akpa CN Mato: Obesity in Nigeria. Current trends and management. Nig. Med. Practitioner 2008; Vol. 54 (1):

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13560'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13560 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

-15

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13561'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13561 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Senbanjo IO, Adejuyigbe EA. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigerian preschool children. Nutr Health. 2007; 18(4):. 391-399.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13562'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13562 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Rosenberg TJ, Garbers S, Chavkin W, et al. Prepregnancy weight and adverse perinatal outcomes in an ethnically diverse population. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 102:1022–1027.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13563'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13563 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Linne Y. Effects of obesity on women’s reproduction and complications during pregnancy. Obes. Rev. 2004; 5:137–143.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13564'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13564 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention: Online Source for credible health Information: Obesity and Genetics retrieved 2nd July, 2008 Page last reviewed: July 9, 2007 Page last modified: July 9, 2007 Content

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13565'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13565 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Source: National Office of Public Health Genomics

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13566'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13566 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Weiss JL, Malone FD, Emig D, et al. Obesity, obstetric complication and cesarean delivery rate—a population based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13567'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13567 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

:1091–1097. [CrossRef] [ISI] [Medline]

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13568'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13568 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. eds. Williams Obstetrics. 21st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:567– 618.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13569'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13569 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Oladapo O O, Celestine O U, Aimakhu C O. Obstetric performance of Nigerian obese parturients. Trop. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2002,19:17 -20. Jo

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13570'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13570 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Sorensen TI. Socioeconomic aspects of obesity: causes or effects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Discord. 1995; 19 suppl 6:S6 -8

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13571'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13571 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Obesity genetics. Genetic variation implicated in Pima obesity. Contact: Srikar Chamala Public release date: 16-Oct-2007 Inderscience Publishers.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13572'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13572 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Lord J and Moran LJ. The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13,251–257.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13573'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13573 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Pasquali R, Pelusi C, Genghini S, Cacciari M, Gambineri A. Obesity and reproductive disorders in women. Hum Reprod Update 2003; 9:359-72.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13574'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13574 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Moran LJ, Norman RJ. The obese patient with infertility: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Nutr Clin Care 2002; 5:290-7.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13575'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13575 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltsas G, Techatrasak K, Manning PJ, West C and Jacobs HS Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10, 2107–2111.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13576'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13576 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, Pagotto U and Pasquali R. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2002;

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13577'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13577 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

,883–896.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13578'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13578 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Carmina E, Legro RS, Stamets K, Lowell J and Lobo RA. Difference in body weight between American and Italian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of the diet. Hum Reprod. 2003; 18: 2289– 2293.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13579'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13579 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Norman RJ, Masters SC, Hague W, Beng C, Pannall P and Wang JX. Metabolic approaches to the sub classification of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1995; 63,329–335.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13580'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13580 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Yildirim B, Sabir N and Kaleli B. Relation of intra- abdominal fat distribution to metabolic disorders in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2003; 79,1358–1364.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13581'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13581 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Castracane VD and Henson MC. When did leptin become a reproductive hormone? Semin Reprod Med 2002; 20, 89–92.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13582'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13582 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weightreduced subjects. Nat Med 1995; 1, 1155–1161.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13583'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13583 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL et al. Serum immunoreactiveleptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334,292–295.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13584'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13584 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Vicennati V, Gambineri A, Calzoni F, Casimirri F, Macor C, Vettor R and Pasquali R. Serum leptin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome is correlated with body weight and fat distribution but not with androgen and insulin levels. Metabolism 1998; 47,988–992.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13585'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13585 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Chapman IM, Wittert GA and Norman RJ. Circulating leptin concentrations in polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 46,175–181.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13586'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13586 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Brzechffa PR, Jakimiuk AJ, Agarwal SK, Weitsman SR, Buyalos RP and Magoffin DA. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81,4166–4169.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13587'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13587 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Rouru J, Anttila L, Koskinen P, Penttila TA, Irjala K, Huupponen R and Koulu M. Serum leptin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82,1697–1700.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13588'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13588 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Gennarelli G, Holte J, Wide L, Berne C and Lithell H. Is there a role for leptin in the endocrine and metabolic aberrations of polycystic ovary syndrome? Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13,535–541.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13589'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13589 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Duggal PS, Van Der Hoek, KH, Milner, CR, Ryan, NK, Armstrong, DT, Magoffin, DA and Norman, RJ. The in vivo and in vitro effects of exogenous leptin on ovulation in the rat. Endocrinology 200; 14:, 1971– 1976.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13590'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13590 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ryan NK, Woodhouse CM, Van der Hoek KH, Gilchrist RB, Armstrong DT and Norman RJ. Expression of leptin and its receptor in the murine ovary: possible role in the regulation of oocyte maturation. Biol. Reprod. 2002; 66:1548–1554.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13591'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13591 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ryan NK, Van der Hoek KH, Robertson SA and Norman RJ. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in the rat ovary. Endocrinology 2003; 144, 5006–5013.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13592'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13592 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Agarwal SK, Vogel K, Weitsman SR and Magoffin DA. Leptin antagonizes the insulin-like growth factor-I augmentation of steroidogenesis in granu-losa and theca cells of the human ovary. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84,1072–1076.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13593'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13593 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Brannian JD, Zhao Y and McElroy M. Leptin inhibits gonadotrophin-stimulated granulosa cell progesterone production by antagonizing insulin action. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:1445–1448.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13594'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13594 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Loffler S, Aust G, Kohler U and SpanelBorowski K. Evidence of leptin expression in normal and polycystic human ovaries. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 7,1143–119.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13595'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13595 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Lake JK, Power C and Cole TJ. Child to adult body mass index in the 1958 British birth cohort: associations with parental obesity. Arch. Dis. Child 1997; 77,376–381.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13596'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13596 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ibanez L, Potau N, Francois I and de Zegher F. Precocious pubarche, hyperinsulinism and ovarian hyperandrogenism in girls: relation to reduced fetal growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998; 83,3558– 3562.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13597'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13597 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Bush A, Short F, Anyaoku V, Reed MJ and Franks S. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 36,105–111.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13598'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13598 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Hamilton-Fairley D, Kiddy D, Watson H, Paterson C and Franks S. Association of moderate obesity with a poor pregnancy outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with low dose gonado-trophin. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1992; 99,128–131.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13599'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13599 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bohrer M and Kemmann E. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion in menotropin-treated women. Fertil. Steril. 1987; 48,571–575.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13600'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13600 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bellver JEA. Obesity and the risk of spontaneous abortion after oocyte donation. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 79,1136–1140.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13601'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13601 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Fedorcsak P, Storeng R, Dale PO, Tanbo T and Abyholm T. Obesity is a risk factor for early pregnancy loss after IVF or ICSI. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2000; 79,43–48.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13602'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13602 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Winter E, Wang J, Davies MJ and Norman R. Early pregnancy loss following assisted reproductive technology treatment. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17, 3220– 3223.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13603'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13603 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Fridstrom M, Nisell H, Sjoblom P and Hillensjo T. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at an increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or preeclampsia? Hypertens. Preg. 1999; 18, 73– 80.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13604'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13604 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Michlin R, Oettinger M, Odeh M, Khoury S, Ophir E, Barak M, Wolfson M and Strulov, A. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 2000; 2,10–13.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13605'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13605 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Shepard MK, Balmaceda JP and Leija CG. Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. Fertil. Steril. 1979; 32,641–645.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13606'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13606 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Lobo RA, Gysler M, March CM, GoebelsmannU and Mishell DR Jr. Clinical and laboratory predictors of clomiphene response. Fertil. Steril. 1982; 37,168–174.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13607'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13607 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Friedman CI and Kim MH. Obesity and its effect on reproductive function. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985; 28,645–663.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13608'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13608 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Dickey RP, Taylor SN, Curole DN, Rye PH, Lu PY and Pyrzak R. Relationship of clomiphene dose and patient weight to successful treatment. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12,449–453.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13609'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13609 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

McClure N, McQuinn B, McDonald J, Kovacs GT, Healy DL and Burger HG. Body weight, body mass index and age: predictors of menotropin dose and cycle outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome? Fertil. Steril. 1992; 622–624.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13610'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13610 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Crosignani PG, Ragni G, Parazzini F, Wyssling H, Lombroso G and Perotti L. Anthropometric indica-tors and response to gonadotrophin for ovulation induction. Hum. Reprod. 1994; 9,420–423.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13611'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13611 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Fedorcsak P, Dale PO, Storeng R, Tanbo T and Abyholm T. The impact of obesity and insulin resistance on the outcome of IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16, 1086–1091.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13612'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13612 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Loh S, Wang JX and Matthews CD. The influence of body mass index, basal FSH and age on the response to gonadotrophin stimulation in non-polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17,1207– 1211.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13613'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13613 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1502-5.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13614'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13614 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Seppala M, Koistinen R, James VH, Reed MJ and Franks S. Diet-induced changes in sex hormone binding globulin and free testosterone in women with normal or polycystic ovaries: correlation with serum insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1989; 31,757– 63.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13615'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13615 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Hamilton-Fairley D, Kiddy D, Anyaoku V, Koistinen R, Seppala M and Franks S. Response of sex hormone binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 to an oral glucose tolerance test in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome before and after calorie restriction. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1993; 39,363–367.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13616'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13616 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Andersen P, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Dale PO, Lovik A and Birkeland K. Increased insulin sensitivity and fibrinolytic capacity after dietary intervention in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1995; 44,611–616.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13617'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13617 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Wahrenberg H, Ek I, Reynisdottir S, Carlstrom K, Bergqvist A and Arner P. Divergent effects of weight reduction and oral anticonception treatment on adrenergic lipolysis regulation in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84,2182–2187.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13618'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13618 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

VanDam EW, Roelfsema F, Veldhuis JD, Helmerhorst FM, Frolich M, Meinders AE, Krans HM and Pijl H. Increase in daily LH secretion in response to shortterm calorie restriction in obese women with PCOS. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 282,E865– 872.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13619'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13619 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Pasquali R, Fabbri R, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Antenucci D and Melchionda N. Effect of weight loss and antiandrogenic therapy on sex hormone blood levels and insulin resistance in obese patients with polycystic ovaries. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1986; 154,139–144.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13620'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13620 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R, Balestra V, Melchionda N and Barbara L. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989; 68,173–179.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13621'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13621 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D, Fiorini S, Cognigni GE, Filicori M and Morselli-Labate AM. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85,2767–2774.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13622'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13622 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Wide L and Lithell H. Restored insulin sensitivity but persistently increased early insulin secretion after weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995; 80,2586–2593.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13623'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13623 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Jakubowicz DJ and Nestler JE. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone responses to leuprolide and serum androgens in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome offer dietary weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82,556– 60.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13624'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13624 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Tomlinson L and Norman RJ. Dietary composition in restoring reproductive and metabolic physiology in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88,812–819.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13625'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13625 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO and Seagle H. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1998; 98,408–413.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13626'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13626 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, van der Knaap HC, Heo M and Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab, Disord. 2003; 27,537–549.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13627'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13627 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Clark AM, Ledger W, Galletly C, Tomlinson L, Blaney F, Wang X and Norman RJ. Weight loss results in significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rates in anovulatory obese women. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10, 2705–2712.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13628'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13628 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C and Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13, 1502–1505.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13629'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13629 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Scalzo K. Case problem: dietary recommendations to combat obesity, insulin resistance and other concerns related to polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Am. Dietet Assoc. 2000; 100,955–957; discussion 957–960.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '13630'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 13630 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

David E O. Obesity Part 2: Pharmacotherapy. The Internet Journal of Academic Physician Assistants 1997; Vol 1, number 2

National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Long-term pharmacotherapy in the management of obesity. JAMA 1996; 276:1907-15.