Cervical Cancer Awareness and Preventive Practices: A Challenge for Female Urban Slum Dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria

Balogun MR, Odukoya O.O, Oyediran M.A, Ujomu P.I

Abstract

Cervical cancer is the commonest gynaecological cancer in Nigeria and women of low socio-economic status are at high risk of this condition. A study was conducted on the awareness of cervical cancer, attitude towards the disease and screening practice of women residing in two urban slums of Lagos, Nigeria. It also determined the prevalence of major risk factors for cervical cancer among the women. Multistage sampling was used to select 240 women who were interviewed with a structured questionnaire and data collected was analyzed with Epi-info version 3.5.1 statistical software. Only 10 (4.2%) women in this study were aware of cervical cancer and none of them believed they were at risk of developing the disease. Most (73.3%) were willing to undergo a cervical cancer screening test.  Age, education and previous history of vaginal examination were positively associated with willingness to undergo screening (p < 0.05). The respondents had a high prevalence of major risk factors for cervical cancer such as early age at sexual debut, multiple sexual partners and male partner with other female partners. Efforts need to be intensified to increase awareness of this condition and to promote low-cost cervical cancer screening among this underserved population (Afr J Reprod Health 2012; 16[1]:75-82).  

Résumé

Prise de conscience du cancer du col de l’utérus et les pratiques de la prévention : Défi pour les habitantes des taudis urbains à Lagos, Nigéria : Le cancer du col de l’utérus est le cancer gynécologue le plus commun au Nigéria et les femmes du milieu socio-économique inférieur sont à haut risque de cette condition.  Une étude a été menée sur la prise de conscience du cancer du col de l’utérus, l’attitude envers la maladie et la pratique du dépistage chez les femmes qui habitent deux taudis urbains à  Lagos, Nigeria.  Elle a déterminé également la prévalence des facteurs de risque majeurs pour le cancer du col de l’utérus chez les femmes.  On s’est servi d’un échantillon à étapes multiples pour sélectionner les 240 femmes qui ont été interviewées à l’aide d’un questionnaire structuré et des données collectées et analysées à travers la version Epi-info 3.5.1 logistiel de statistique.  Seulement 10 femmes  (4,2%) dans cette étude étaient au courant du cancer du col de l’utérus et personne d’entre elles  ne croyait qu’elle courait de risque d’attraper la maladie. La grande majorité (73,3%) voulait bien subir un dépistage pour détecter le cancer du col de l’utérus.  L’âge, l’éducation et une histoire précédente d’examen vaginal ont été positivement liés à la volonté de subir le dépistage  (p<0,05).  Les interviewées avaient une prévalence élevée de facteurs de risque majeur à l’égard du cancer du col de l’utérus tels l’âge lors du premier rapport sexuel, de multiples partenaires sexuels et un partenaire de sexe masculin avec d’autres partenaires de sexe féminin.  Il faut intensifier des efforts pour augmenter la conscience à l’égard de cette condition et pour promouvoir des examens du dépistage du cancer du col de l’utérus qui ne coûte pas cher au sein de cette population dont on s’occupe mal (Afr J Reprod Health 2012;

16[1]:75-82).

Full Text:

PDF

References

World Health Organization. Cervical Cancer Screening in Developing Countries: Report of a WHO consultation. 2002.

Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM, eds. Globocan 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 2.0. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2004. IARC Cancer Base No. 5.

Feyi-Waboso PA, Kamanu C, Aluka C. Awareness and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer among Women in Aba, South-Eastern Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2005; 22(1):25-26.

Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH): Planning Appropriate Cervical Cancer Prevention Programs, 2nd edition. Seattle, 2000.

Sherris J, Castro W, Lewin C, Dzuba I, Arossi S. The Case for Investing in Cervical Cancer Prevention. Cervical Cancer Prevention Issues in Depth no. 3.

Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) 2004, Seattle. Available at www.path.org/ files/RH_accp_case.pdf; accessed January 2010.

Leyden WA, Manos M, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Taplin SH et al. Cervical Cancer in Women with

Comprehensive Health Care Access: Attributable Factors in the Screening Process. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005; 97(9): 675-683.

Nygard JF, Skare GB, Thoresen SO. The Cervical

Cancer Screening Programme in Norway, 1992– 2000: Changes in Pap smear Coverage and Incidence of Cervical Cancer. Journal of Medical Screening 2002; 9:86–91.

Swaddiwudhipong W, Chaovakiratipong C, Nguntra P, Mahasakpan P, Tatip Y, Boonmak C. Effect of a Mobile Unit on Changes in Knowledge and Use of Cervical Cancer Screening among Rural Thai Women. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24(3):493-8.

Coffey P, Arrossi S, Bradley J, Dzuba I, White S. Improving Screening Coverage Rates of Cervical Cancer Prevention Programs: A Focus on

Communities. Cervical Cancer Prevention Issues in Depth no. 4. Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) Seattle, 2004.

Thomas JO, Herrero R, Omigbodun AA, Ojemakinde K, Ajayi IO et al. Prevalence of Papillomavirus

Infection in Women in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Population Based Study. British Journal of Cancer, 2004; 90: 638-645.

Okolo C, Franceschi S, Adewole I, Thomas JO, Follen M. Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria. Infect Agent Cancer. 2010; 5(1):24.

Schnatz PF, Markelova NV, Holmes D, Mandavilli SR, O’Sullivan DM. The prevalence of cervical HPV and cytological abnormalities in association with reproductive factors of rural Nigerian women. J Womens Health(Larchmt). 2008; 17(2):279-85

Emembolu JO, Ekwempu CC. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Zaria: etiological factors. Int J Gynaecolo Obstet. 1988; 26(2):265-9.

Adewuyi SA, Shittu SO, Rafindadi AH. Sociodemographic and clinicopathologic characterization of cervical cancers in Northern Nigeria. Eur J Gynaecological Oncol. 2008; 29(1):61-4.

Alliance for cervical cancer prevention. Cervical cancer prevention fact sheet. Risk factors of cervical cancer: evidence to date, May 2004. Available from: http://www.path.org/files/RH_fs_risk_factors .pdf; accessed January 2010.

Coughlin SS, King J, Richards TB et al. Cervical cancer screening among women in metropolitan areas of the United States by individual-level and area-based measures of socioeconomic status, 2000 to 2002.

Behbakht K, Lynch A, Teal S, Degeest K, Massad S. Social and Cultural Barriers to Papanicolaou Test Screening in an Urban Population. Obstetrics and Gynaecololgy. 2004; 104(6):1355-61.

De Quadros CAT, Victora CG, da Costa JSD. Coverage and Focus of a Cervical Cancer Prevention Program in Southern Brazil. Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2004; 16(4):223-232.

Barry J, Breen N. The importance of place of residence in predicting late-stage diagnosis of breast or cervical cancer. Health & Place, 2005; 11(1):15-29

Tebeu PM, Major AL, Rapiti E, Petignat P, Bouchardy C. The Attitude and Knowledge of Cervical Cancer by Cameroonian women: A Clinical Survey Conducted in Maroua, the capital of Far North

Province of Cameroon. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2007.

Ogunbode OO, Ayinde OA. Awareness of Cervical Cancer and Screening in a Nigerian Female Market Population. Annals of African Medicine.

;4(4):160.

Onajole AT, Ajekigbe AT, Bamgbala AO, Odeyemi KA, Ogunnowo BE. The Socio-Demographic

Characteristics and the Level of Awareness of the Prevention of Carcinoma of the Cervix among Commercial Sex workers in Lagos, Nigeria.

Nigerian Medical Practitioner. 2004; 45(3): 52-56.

National Population Commission, Federal Republic of Nigeria. Nigeria demographic and health survey, November 2009. Available at: http://www.measure dhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR222/FR222.pdf. Accessed Jan 2010.

Ayinde OA, Omigbodun AO, Ilesanmi AO. Awareness of Cervical Cancer, Papanicolaou's Smear and it's Utilisation among Female Undergraduates in Ibadan. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2004; 8(3):68-80.

Aboyeji PA, Ijaiya MA, Jimoh AA. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Cervical Smear as a Screening Procedure for Cervical Cancer in Ilorin, Nigeria. Trop J Obstetric and Gynaecol 2004;21:114-117.

Udigwe GO. Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening (pap smear) among female nurses in Nnewi, South Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2006 Jun;9(1):40-3.

Seow A, Wong ML, Smith WC, Lee HP. Beliefs and Attitudes as Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening: A Community-Based Study in Singapore. Preventive Medicine. 1995; 24(2):13441.

Gharoro EP, Ikeanyi EN. An Appraisal of the Level of Awareness and Utilization of the Pap smear as a Cervical Cancer Screening Test among Female Health Workers in a Tertiary Health Institution. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2006; 16:1063–1068.

Esin MN, Bulduk S, Ardic A Beliefs About Cervical Cancer Screening Among Turkish Married Women. J Cancer Educ. 2011 Feb 19 [Epub ahead of print]

Ackerson K, Gretebeck K. Factors Influencing Cancer Screening Practices of Underserved Women. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse

Practitioners. 2007;19(11):591-601.

Hoque M, Hoque E and Kader S. Evaluation of cervical cancer screening program at a rural community of

South Africa. East Afr. J Pub Health

;5(2):111-6

Erbil N, Tezcan Y, Gür EN, Yıldırım M, Alış N Factors affecting cervical screening among Turkish women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(6):1641-4.

Wangsuphachart V, Thomas DB, Armorn K, Riotton G. Risk Factors for Invasive Cervical Cancer and Reduction of Risk by ‘Pap’ Smears in Thai Women. International Journal of Epidemiology 1987; 16(3): 362-366.

Beral V, Hermon C, Munoz N, Devesa S. Cervical cancer. Cancer Surveys 1994; 19/20:265-285.

Williams MA, Kenya PR, Mati J K G, Thomas DB. Risk Factors for Invasive Cervical Cancer in Kenyan Women. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 906 - 912.

Bayo S, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Munoz N, Combita AL et al. Risk Factors of Invasive Cervical Cancer in Mali. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 31:202-209.

Muñoz N, Fransceschi S, Bossetti C, Moreno V, Herrero R et al. Role of Parity and Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: The IARC Multicentric CaseControl Study. Lancet 2002; 359:1093-101.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.